Causes of Hyperthermia
The most common causes include heat stroke and adverse reactions to drugs. The former is an acute temperature elevation caused by exposure to excessive heat, or combination of heat and humidity, that overwhelms the heat-regulating mechanisms. The latter is a relatively rare side effect of many drugs, particularly those that affect the central nervous system. Malignant hyperthermia is a rare complication of some types of general anesthesia.
Symptoms of Hyperthermia
Symptoms of hyperthermia, or heat-related illness, vary according to the specific type of illness. The most severe form of hyperthermia is heat stroke. Other symptoms include muscle cramps, fatigue, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and weakness. The skin may be moist if sweating is still occurring, or it may be dry if sweating has stopped. The heart rate may be elevated, and the skin is reddened. Confusion and mental changes may develop, and seizures can occur with brain damage. Ultimately, coma and death may ensue.
Prevention of Hyperthermia
Most cases of heat stroke can be prevented. When the temperature outside is especially high:
- Drink lots of water throughout the day.
- Stay indoors in an air-conditioned area whenever you feel too warm.
- Wear lightweight, light-colored clothing, preferably with a loose-weave material that lets air get to your skin.
- Avoid strenuous activity in the hottest part of the day (between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m.). If you must participate, take frequent breaks, limit the time that you wear a helmet by taking it off between activities, and avoid wearing heavy uniforms or equipment.
- Drink less caffeine and alcohol, which can contribute to dehydration.